Moynihan’s or caterpillar hump of the right hepatic artery is an anomaly of the right hepatic artery, where it is tortuous and comes...

What are gallstones? • Small, pebble-like substances • Multiple or solitary • May occur anywhere within the biliary tree • Have different appearance - depending on their contents Types of Gall stones 1.Cholesterol stones 2.Pigment stones 3.Mixed stones Cholesterol stones •Large •Often solitary •Yellow, white or green •Made primarily of cholesterol (>70%) •Risk factors: –4 “F” : • F emale • F orty • F ertile • F at – F air (5th “F” - more prevalent in Caucasians) –

• The Appendix is a small, finger-like tube that hangs from the lower right side of the large intestine, i.e. the Caecum. • It is a vestigial organ i.e. the purpose of the appendix is not known. • Appendicitis is the most common general surgical emergency. • The incidence of appendectomy appears to be declining due to more accurate preoperative diagnosis. • Despite newer imaging techniques, acute appendicitis can be very difficult to diagnose. Pathophysiology Acute appendici